~~NOTOC~~
====== 12. Import/Export ======

<WRAP round info>
**Scenarios:** 4 \\
**FFI Functions:** ~30 \\
**Status:** ⏳ Planned
</WRAP>

This category encompasses all scenarios for importing and exporting certificates and keys. PEM, PFX/PKCS#12, PKCS#7 and interoperability with other systems.

----

===== Scenarios =====

^  ID  ^  Scenario  ^  Description  ^  Complexity  ^  Status  ^
| [[.:pem_export|12.1]] | PEM Export/Import | Base64-encoded certificates | ⭐⭐ | ⏳ |
| [[.:pfx_export|12.2]] | PFX/PKCS#12 | Certificate + Private Key Bundle | ⭐⭐⭐ | ⏳ |
| [[.:pkcs7_chain|12.3]] | PKCS#7 Chain | Export certificate chain | ⭐⭐ | ⏳ |
| [[.:interop|12.4]] | Interoperability | OpenSSL, Windows, Java | ⭐⭐⭐⭐ | ⏳ |

----

===== Formats =====

<mermaid>
flowchart TB
    subgraph CERT["📜 Certificates"]
        PEM_C[".crt.pem<br/>Base64 + Header"]
        DER_C[".crt.der<br/>Binary DER"]
    end

    subgraph KEY["🔑 Keys"]
        PEM_K[".key.pem<br/>PKCS#8 Base64"]
        DER_K[".key.der<br/>PKCS#8 Binary"]
        ENC_K[".key.enc.pem<br/>Encrypted PKCS#8"]
    end

    subgraph BUNDLE["📦 Bundles"]
        PFX[".pfx / .p12<br/>Cert + Key"]
        P7B[".p7b<br/>Cert Chain"]
    end

    PEM_C <--> DER_C
    PEM_K <--> DER_K
    PEM_K <--> ENC_K
    PEM_C --> PFX
    PEM_K --> PFX
    PEM_C --> P7B

    style PFX fill:#e8f5e9
    style P7B fill:#e3f2fd
</mermaid>

----

===== Format Overview =====

^  Format  ^  Extension  ^  Contains  ^  Encrypted  ^  Usage  ^
| **PEM** | .pem, .crt, .key | Single objects | Optional | Linux, OpenSSL |
| **DER** | .der, .cer | Single objects | No | Binary protocols |
| **PFX/PKCS#12** | .pfx, .p12 | Cert + Key + Chain | Yes | Windows, Java |
| **PKCS#7** | .p7b, .p7c | Certificate chain | No | Chain distribution |
| **JKS** | .jks | Java KeyStore | Yes | Java applications |

----

===== Interoperability =====

^  From/To  ^  OpenSSL  ^  Windows  ^  Java  ^  .NET  ^
| **OpenSSL** | - | PFX | PKCS#7 → JKS | PEM |
| **Windows** | PFX → PEM | - | PFX | PFX |
| **Java** | JKS → PEM | JKS → PFX | - | PFX |
| **.NET** | PEM | PFX | PFX | - |

----

===== Quick Start Code =====

==== PEM Export ====

<code csharp>
// Certificate as PEM
string certPem = certificate.ToPem();
File.WriteAllText("server.crt.pem", certPem);

// Private Key encrypted as PEM
string keyPem = privateKey.ToEncryptedPem(
    password: securePassword,
    algorithm: EncryptionAlgorithm.Aes256Gcm
);
File.WriteAllText("server.key.pem", keyPem);
</code>

==== PFX/PKCS#12 Export ====

<code csharp>
// Create PFX with certificate, key and chain
byte[] pfxData = ctx.ExportToPfx(
    certificate: serverCert,
    privateKey: serverKey,
    chain: new[] { intermediateCert, rootCert },
    password: pfxPassword,
    friendlyName: "Server Certificate"
);

File.WriteAllBytes("server.pfx", pfxData);
</code>

==== PFX Import ====

<code csharp>
// Load PFX
var (cert, key, chain) = ctx.ImportFromPfx(
    pfxPath: "server.pfx",
    password: pfxPassword
);

Console.WriteLine($"Certificate: {cert.Subject}");
Console.WriteLine($"Chain length: {chain.Length}");
</code>

==== PKCS#7 Chain Export ====

<code csharp>
// Certificate chain as P7B
byte[] p7bData = ctx.ExportChainToPkcs7(
    certificates: new[] { serverCert, intermediateCert, rootCert }
);

File.WriteAllBytes("chain.p7b", p7bData);
</code>

----

===== OpenSSL Commands =====

==== PEM → PFX ====

<code bash>
openssl pkcs12 -export \
  -in server.crt.pem \
  -inkey server.key.pem \
  -certfile chain.pem \
  -out server.pfx \
  -name "Server Certificate"
</code>

==== PFX → PEM ====

<code bash>
# Extract certificate
openssl pkcs12 -in server.pfx -clcerts -nokeys -out server.crt.pem

# Extract private key
openssl pkcs12 -in server.pfx -nocerts -out server.key.pem

# Extract chain
openssl pkcs12 -in server.pfx -cacerts -nokeys -out chain.pem
</code>

==== DER → PEM ====

<code bash>
openssl x509 -in cert.der -inform DER -out cert.pem -outform PEM
</code>

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===== Related Categories =====

^  Category  ^  Relationship  ^
| [[.:schluessel:start|11. Key Management]] | Export keys |
| [[.:verwaltung:start|4. Certificate Management]] | Backup/Restore |
| [[.:tls:start|10. TLS/mTLS]] | Deploy certificates |

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<< [[en:int:pqcrypt:szenarien:schluessel:start|← 11. Key Management]] | [[en:int:pqcrypt:szenarien:start|↑ Scenarios]] | [[.:en:int:pqcrypt:start|🏠 Home →]] >>

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//Wolfgang van der Stille @ EMSR DATA d.o.o. - Post-Quantum Cryptography Professional//

{{tag>category import export pem pfx pkcs12 pkcs7 interop}}