~~NOTOC~~
====== Szenario 5.5: Name Constraints ======

<WRAP round info>
**Kategorie:** [[.:start|Validierung & Vertrauen]] \\
**Komplexität:** ⭐⭐⭐⭐ (Hoch) \\
**Voraussetzungen:** CA-Zertifikat mit Name Constraints Extension \\
**Geschätzte Zeit:** 15-20 Minuten
</WRAP>

----

===== Beschreibung =====

Dieses Szenario beschreibt die **Validierung von Name Constraints** (RFC 5280 §4.2.1.10). Name Constraints schränken ein, welche Namen eine CA in Zertifikaten verwenden darf:

  * **permittedSubtrees** - Erlaubte Namensräume (Whitelist)
  * **excludedSubtrees** - Verbotene Namensräume (Blacklist)

**Anwendungsfälle:**
  * Intermediate-CAs auf bestimmte Domains beschränken
  * Interne CAs von öffentlichen Domains isolieren
  * Mandantentrennung in Multi-Tenant-Umgebungen

----

===== Workflow =====

<mermaid>
flowchart TD
    CERT[End-Entity Zertifikat] --> EXTRACT[Subject + SANs extrahieren]
    EXTRACT --> CHECK_CHAIN[Für jede CA in Chain]
    CHECK_CHAIN --> HAS_NC{Name Constraints?}
    HAS_NC -->|Nein| NEXT[Nächste CA]
    HAS_NC -->|Ja| PERMITTED{In permitted?}
    PERMITTED -->|Nein| FAIL[Constraint verletzt]
    PERMITTED -->|Ja| EXCLUDED{In excluded?}
    EXCLUDED -->|Ja| FAIL
    EXCLUDED -->|Nein| NEXT
    NEXT --> CHECK_CHAIN
    NEXT --> OK[Alle Constraints erfüllt]

    style OK fill:#e8f5e9
    style FAIL fill:#ffebee
</mermaid>

----

===== Code-Beispiel: Name Constraints setzen =====

<code csharp>
using WvdS.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates.Extensions.PQ;

using var ctx = PqCryptoContext.Initialize();

// Root-CA laden
var rootCert = ctx.LoadCertificate("root-ca.crt.pem");
var rootKey = ctx.LoadPrivateKey("root-ca.key.pem", "RootPassword!");

// Intermediate-CA-Schlüssel generieren
using var intKey = ctx.GenerateKeyPair(PqAlgorithm.MlDsa65);

var dn = new DnBuilder()
    .AddCN("Internal CA - example.com Only")
    .AddO("Example GmbH")
    .AddC("DE")
    .Build();

var csr = ctx.CreateCertificateRequest(intKey, dn);

// Intermediate-CA mit Name Constraints erstellen
var intermediateCert = ctx.IssueCertificate(
    csr,
    issuerCert: rootCert,
    issuerKey: rootKey,
    validDays: 1825,  // 5 Jahre
    extensions: new ExtBuilder()
        .BasicConstraints(ca: true, pathLengthConstraint: 0, critical: true)
        .KeyUsage(KeyUsageFlags.KeyCertSign | KeyUsageFlags.CrlSign, critical: true)
        // Name Constraints Extension
        .NameConstraints(
            permitted: new NameConstraint[]
            {
                // Nur *.example.com erlaubt
                new DnsNameConstraint("example.com"),
                // E-Mail nur @example.com
                new EmailNameConstraint("example.com"),
                // IP-Bereich 192.168.0.0/16
                new IpNameConstraint("192.168.0.0", "255.255.0.0")
            },
            excluded: new NameConstraint[]
            {
                // Keine *.dev.example.com (Entwickler-Subdomains)
                new DnsNameConstraint("dev.example.com")
            },
            critical: true  // MUSS critical sein
        )
        .SubjectKeyIdentifier(intKey.PublicKey)
        .AuthorityKeyIdentifier(rootCert)
        .Build()
);

intermediateCert.ToPemFile("internal-intermediate-ca.crt.pem");
intKey.ToEncryptedPemFile("internal-intermediate-ca.key.pem", "IntPassword!");

Console.WriteLine("Intermediate-CA mit Name Constraints erstellt:");
Console.WriteLine("  Erlaubt: *.example.com, *@example.com, 192.168.0.0/16");
Console.WriteLine("  Verboten: *.dev.example.com");
</code>

----

===== Code-Beispiel: Name Constraints validieren =====

<code csharp>
public class NameConstraintValidator
{
    public ValidationResult ValidateNameConstraints(
        X509Certificate2 endEntity,
        X509Certificate2Collection chain)
    {
        var result = new ValidationResult { IsValid = true };

        // Alle Namen aus End-Entity extrahieren
        var names = ExtractAllNames(endEntity);

        // Jede CA in der Chain prüfen
        foreach (var ca in chain)
        {
            var constraints = ExtractNameConstraints(ca);
            if (constraints == null) continue;

            foreach (var name in names)
            {
                // Permitted Subtrees prüfen
                if (constraints.Permitted.Any())
                {
                    bool isPermitted = constraints.Permitted.Any(p => MatchesConstraint(name, p));
                    if (!isPermitted)
                    {
                        result.IsValid = false;
                        result.Errors.Add($"Name '{name.Value}' nicht in permitted subtrees von {ca.Subject}");
                    }
                }

                // Excluded Subtrees prüfen
                bool isExcluded = constraints.Excluded.Any(e => MatchesConstraint(name, e));
                if (isExcluded)
                {
                    result.IsValid = false;
                    result.Errors.Add($"Name '{name.Value}' in excluded subtrees von {ca.Subject}");
                }
            }
        }

        return result;
    }

    private List<GeneralName> ExtractAllNames(X509Certificate2 cert)
    {
        var names = new List<GeneralName>();

        // Subject CN
        var cn = cert.GetNameInfo(X509NameType.SimpleName, false);
        if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(cn))
        {
            names.Add(new GeneralName { Type = GeneralNameType.DnsName, Value = cn });
        }

        // Subject E-Mail
        var email = cert.GetNameInfo(X509NameType.EmailName, false);
        if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(email))
        {
            names.Add(new GeneralName { Type = GeneralNameType.Email, Value = email });
        }

        // Subject Alternative Names
        var sanExt = cert.Extensions["2.5.29.17"];
        if (sanExt != null)
        {
            names.AddRange(ParseSan(sanExt.RawData));
        }

        return names;
    }

    private bool MatchesConstraint(GeneralName name, NameConstraint constraint)
    {
        if (name.Type != constraint.Type) return false;

        return constraint.Type switch
        {
            GeneralNameType.DnsName => MatchesDnsConstraint(name.Value, constraint.Value),
            GeneralNameType.Email => MatchesEmailConstraint(name.Value, constraint.Value),
            GeneralNameType.IpAddress => MatchesIpConstraint(name.Value, constraint.Value, constraint.Mask),
            GeneralNameType.DirectoryName => MatchesDnConstraint(name.Value, constraint.Value),
            _ => false
        };
    }

    private bool MatchesDnsConstraint(string dnsName, string constraint)
    {
        // Constraint ".example.com" matched "www.example.com" und "example.com"
        if (constraint.StartsWith("."))
        {
            return dnsName.EndsWith(constraint, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) ||
                   dnsName.Equals(constraint.TrimStart('.'), StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
        }
        // Constraint "example.com" matched auch alle Subdomains
        return dnsName.Equals(constraint, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) ||
               dnsName.EndsWith("." + constraint, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
    }

    private bool MatchesEmailConstraint(string email, string constraint)
    {
        // Constraint "@example.com" matched alle E-Mails dieser Domain
        if (constraint.StartsWith("@"))
        {
            return email.EndsWith(constraint, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
        }
        // Constraint "example.com" matched auch alle Subdomains
        var domain = email.Split('@').LastOrDefault();
        return MatchesDnsConstraint(domain ?? "", constraint);
    }

    private bool MatchesIpConstraint(string ip, string network, string mask)
    {
        var ipBytes = IPAddress.Parse(ip).GetAddressBytes();
        var networkBytes = IPAddress.Parse(network).GetAddressBytes();
        var maskBytes = IPAddress.Parse(mask).GetAddressBytes();

        for (int i = 0; i < ipBytes.Length; i++)
        {
            if ((ipBytes[i] & maskBytes[i]) != (networkBytes[i] & maskBytes[i]))
            {
                return false;
            }
        }
        return true;
    }
}
</code>

----

===== Name Constraint Typen =====

^  Typ  ^  ASN.1 Tag  ^  Beispiel  ^  Beschreibung  ^
| **dNSName** | 2 | example.com | DNS-Domäne |
| **rfc822Name** | 1 | @example.com | E-Mail-Domäne |
| **iPAddress** | 7 | 192.168.0.0/255.255.0.0 | IP-Bereich |
| **directoryName** | 4 | O=Example | DN-Präfix |
| **uniformResourceIdentifier** | 6 | https://example.com | URI-Präfix |

----

===== Typische Constraint-Szenarien =====

^  Szenario  ^  Permitted  ^  Excluded  ^
| **Interne CA** | .internal.local | (leer) |
| **Abteilungs-CA** | .dept.example.com | .admin.dept.example.com |
| **Partner-CA** | .partner.com | .example.com |
| **IoT-CA** | 10.0.0.0/8 | (leer) |

----

===== X509Chain Name Constraint Prüfung =====

<code csharp>
// .NET Framework führt Name Constraint Prüfung automatisch durch
var chain = new X509Chain();
chain.ChainPolicy.ExtraStore.Add(intermediateCert);

bool isValid = chain.Build(endEntityCert);

// Name Constraint Fehler erkennen
var ncErrors = chain.ChainElements
    .SelectMany(e => e.ChainElementStatus)
    .Where(s => s.Status == X509ChainStatusFlags.InvalidNameConstraints ||
                s.Status == X509ChainStatusFlags.HasNotSupportedNameConstraint ||
                s.Status == X509ChainStatusFlags.HasNotPermittedNameConstraint ||
                s.Status == X509ChainStatusFlags.HasExcludedNameConstraint)
    .ToList();

if (ncErrors.Any())
{
    Console.WriteLine("Name Constraint Verletzung:");
    foreach (var error in ncErrors)
    {
        Console.WriteLine($"  {error.StatusInformation}");
    }
}
</code>

----

===== Verwandte Szenarien =====

^  Beziehung  ^  Szenario  ^  Beschreibung  ^
| **Voraussetzung** | [[.:policy_validation|5.4 Policy Validation]] | Policies prüfen |
| **Verwandt** | [[de:int:pqcrypt:szenarien:pki:intermediate_ca_erstellen|1.2 Intermediate-CA]] | CA mit Constraints |
| **Verwandt** | [[de:int:pqcrypt:szenarien:pki:ca_hierarchie_aufbauen|1.3 CA-Hierarchie]] | Constraint-Design |

----

<< [[.:policy_validation|← 5.4 Policy Validation]] | [[.:start|↑ Validierung-Übersicht]] | [[de:int:pqcrypt:szenarien:start|→ Alle Szenarien]] >>

{{tag>szenario validierung name-constraints x509 rfc5280}}

----
//Wolfgang van der Stille @ EMSR DATA d.o.o. - Post-Quantum Cryptography Professional//